Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)

What are POPs?

POP is the abbreviation for Persistent Organic Pollutants. It is a group of chemicals that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a severe risk to human health and the environment. Exposure to POPs can lead to cancer, endocrine disruption, reproductive and immune dysfunction, and neurobehavioral and developmental disorders.

POP’s, PBT’s and vPvB’s

There are three groups of persistent substances mentioned in regulations:
* POP, Persistent Organic Pollutants
* PBT, Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxic substances
* vPvB, very Persistent and very Bio-accumulative substances

Persistent means that these substances will not (bio)degrade. Because of this, they persist for a (very) long time in the environment, travel across the whole world via water and air and jeopardise human health and environment.
Bio-accumulation occurs when humans or animals absorb a toxic substance faster than that it can lose it.
A fish swimming in polluted water will contain more and more toxins in its body because it is not able to get rid of the pollutant by itself. The accumulation continues when a predator eats the fish.

Historical background

The risks of POPs are known for many decades; in 1978, the EU prohibited eight pesticides (directive 79/117/EEC).
Many POPs were used as pesticides, for instance, DDT, but they are also involved in industrial processes and used in solvents, plastics, flame retardants and more. They are created intentionally but also as unwanted by-products.

The EU, and also Canada and the USA, are signatories to the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP).
UNEP is the global environmental authority that strives for a healthy planet for all of us. Their work includes worldwide bans of hazardous chemicals and waste, including persistent organic pollutants. During several Conventions (e.g. Stockholm, Basel, Rotterdam and Geneva) provisions have been established.

In 2004 the EU published Regulation (EC) 850/2004 based on the UN provisions. It has been amended 12 times since. In 2019, further measures were found necessary. As a result, the EU has recast the first POP regulation.
POP Regulation (EU) 2019/1021 entered into force on July 15, 2019.

Relation between REACH and POP regulations

The EU has legislated the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals in the REACh Regulation (EC) 1907/2006. REACh has a broader scope and more objectives than the POP regulations, but they share one goal: the ban or restriction of dangerous chemical substances. The restrictions in Annex XVII of REACH are very similar to those in Annex I of the POP regulation.

A proposal on a POP, accepted as part of the UNEP conventions and protocols, is added to the POP regulation.
A POP already listed in Annex XVII of REACH will move to the POP regulation.

Second POP Regulation (EU) 2019/1021

The main objective of the POP Regulations is to prohibit (or severely restrict) the production, placing on the market and use of persistent organic pollutants.

The first POP regulation (EC) 850/2004 was published in 2004, two years before the REACh Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 was released and four years before the Waste Directive 2008/98/EC. The definitions and terminology of the second POP Regulation have been aligned with the REACh legislation.

The main changes of POP Regulation (EU) 2019/1021 are:

• Deca-BDE has been added to Annex I of the POP Regulation. Deca-BDE was already prohibited for use because it is listed as entry #67 in Annex XVII of the REACH Regulation. It is expected that it will soon be deleted from the REACH Regulation now that it is mentioned in the POP Regulation. Deca-BDE is part of poly-BDE (PBDE) group of substances that is restricted for electrical and electronic products (EEE) by the RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU. For these EEE products the RoHS Directive remains applicable instead of the POP Regulation.
• The limits for the 5 poly-BDEs (tetra, penta, hexa, hepta and deca) is 10 mg/kg each when used in substances.
  In addition a new limit of 500 mg/kg is now applicable to the sum of all PBDEs present in mixtures or articles.
• Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and its salts and esters is added to Annex I. PCP in substances was already prohibited for use because it is listed as entry #22 in Annex XVII of the REACH Regulation. Several countries (Germany, Austria and the Netherlands) regulated the presence of PCP in articles as well. It is expected that it will soon be deleted from the REACH Regulation now that it is mentioned in the POP Regulation.
• Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) were already listed in Annex I of the POP Regulation. They have now also been added to the Annex III. This implies that member states shall take action to eliminate the release of these substances into the environment as soon as possible.

Amendments

The European Chemical Agency (ECHA) keeps a list of substances proposed as POPs
These substances may be published in a future amendments to the POP Regulation.
Nine amending regulations have been published per August 2023. These include changes to the limits of existing POPs and the addition of new POPs, namely: Perfluorooctanoic acids (PFOA), Dicofol and Perfluorohexane sulfonic acids (PFHxS).

Prohibited chemicals listed in Annex I of the POP Regulation

1. Poly-brominated biphenyls (PBB) and poly-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are restricted for electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) via RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU, therefore the POP Regulation does not apply to these EEE products.